How is Kidney (Renal) transplantation done?
Grafting a kidney from a compatible donor to restore kidney functions in a recipient suffering from kidney failure is called kidney transplantation. It is also […]
Immunology
Antibody mediated immune response (AMI) and its effector mechanism
Antibody mediated immune response (AMI) and its effector functions Antibody-mediated immune response is the host defense mechanism that is mediated by antibodies present in the […]
Five major classes of Antibodies and their Biological Activities
Heavy-chain sequence analysis of an immunoglobulin molecule revealed five basic sequence patterns. These five basic sequences correspond to five different heavy-chain constant (C) regions named […]
Antigen processing and presentation by MHC molecules
Antigen processing and presentation are the means by which protein antigens become associated with self MHC molecules for presentation to T-cells with appropriate receptors. It […]
Antibody: Basic structure and Biological function
Antibodies are globulin proteins present in blood that boost our immune system. Hence, these proteins are also called immunoglobulins. Antibodies react specifically with antigens and […]
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Types, their structure and functions
MHC is a cluster of extensively studied genes located on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are glycoprotein in nature […]
The Complement system (Components, Activation and Pathways, Regulation, Biologic effects and Consequences of Complement deficiencies)
What are complement proteins? The serum and membrane-bound proteins which are synthesized mainly by liver and phagocytic cells and are major components o f complement […]
Allergy (steps of development of allergy, allergens and few allergic diseases in humans)
Normally, the immune response eradicates infecting organisms without any serious injury to host tissues. However, sometimes the responses are inadequately controlled or inappropriately targeted to […]
Autophagy and the treatment of cancer
The word ‘autophagy’ is derived from the Greek words “auto” (meaning self) and “phagy” (meaning eating). In a healthy human body, cells are constantly […]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Principle, types and applications)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, commonly known as ELISA or EIA is one of the most sensitive techniques for detecting antigen or antibody. The reaction between an […]