Nitrogen fixation, its types and mechanism
What is nitrogen fixation? The phenomenon of conversion of free nitrogen into nitrogenous salts to make it available for absorption by plants is called nitrogen […]
Bacteriology
Classification of Streptococcus
The genus Streptococcus includes a large number of species of Gram-positive, catalase negative cocci. They are non-motile and non-spore forming. They are arranged in chains […]
Bacterial endospore: Structure, Stages of Sporulation and Germination
Spore is a resting or dormant cell which is metabolically inactive and is produced during unfavorable conditions like nutrition deficiency, extreme temperature and pH, presence […]
Bacterial biofilms, their formation and role in pathogenesis
What is a biofilm? A biofilm is an aggregate of interactive bacteria attached to a solid surface or to each other and encased in an […]
Capsule staining: Principle, Requirements, Procedure and Microscopic Examination
Capsule staining is a differential technique commonly used in light microscopy. A capsule is a gelatinous layer which lies immediately exterior to the cell wall […]
Acid-fast staining or Ziehl-Neelsen staining : Principle, Requirements, Procedure and Microscopic Examination
Acid-fast staining is one of the differential staining techniques commonly used for light microscopic examination of bacteria. It differentiates acid-fast bacteria from non-acid fast bacteria. […]
Gram staining: Principle, Requirements, Procedure and Microscopic Examination
Gram staining is a differential staining technique that is used for microscopic examination of bacteria. In differential staining, specimen is subjected to a series of […]
Staining: Purpose, Mechanism and Dyes/Stains used in light microscopy
Purpose of staining: In bright field or light microscopy, background appears bright and the microorganisms appear dark as they absorb some of the light. However, […]
Normal microbial flora and their Roles in the Human Body
The term “normal microbial flora” denotes the population of microorganisms that inhabit various body parts like skin and mucous membranes of healthy normal persons. Our […]
Bacteriological evidence of water pollution by coliform bacteria
Pathogens that enter into bodies of water arrive there via intestinal discharges of humans or other animals. Furthermore, certain bacterial species, particularly Esherichia coli and […]